o Water- 1.36 billion cubic kilometers of wáter 2 billion years ago
o Isostacy- weight actually compresses the earth’s surface-when removed as snow, there’s an elevation gain-rebound
o CD ROM
o Hydrogen Bonding-

• Polarity-why water acts “wet”
• The positive hydrogen bond is attractive to the negative O- side
• Hydrogen bonding creates surface tension

o Capillary action
o Wicking up principle

• Also used to draw water up into tall sequoia tress
• Hydrogen bonding makes H2O a liquid —
• And it does from a solid-sublimation

o Phase Changes
o Sling Psychrometer, Demo

• Dry bulb-surrounding air temperature
• Wet bulb- absorbing the latent heat of evaporation from the wet bulb cooling
• Compare 2 temps = relative humidity

o WEATHER vs CLIMATE — many complain but few do anything about the weather whether

• Weather-day-to-day——-vs——–Climate-decade-to-decade
• Doppler Radar- 2 displays used to determine diversions

o Damages due to destructive weather- $90 billion in 1998
o Air Masses: moisture/continental: maritime polar, maritime tropical, continental arctic, continental polar, continental equatorial, continental tropical, continental Antarctic
o Migration-is affected by land and water bodies (lakes affect snow fall)
o Atmospheric lifting mechanisms:

• Convergent lifting-flows toward low pressure (ITCZ)
• Convectional
• Orographic
• Frontal

o Cumulonimbus clouds of summer NE are mT
o Orographic: wet winward/dry leeward

• Chinook winds-descend, compressed heating as the compression goes

o Frontal lifting: leading edge advancing air mass is called a FRONT—cold or warm front:

• Cold Front: ground hugging-not convectively lifted, higher density

o Pushing up air in advance, creating cirrus clouds
o Winds shift, temp. drops, lowering barometer
o Clouds build up into cumulonimbus
o Heavy rain, bid drops, hail, lightning

• Warm Front:

o Rides up on/over cooler air-temp. increases
o Nimbostratus clouds-drizzly
o MidCyclomic storms:

• Polar and tropical = cold and warm fronts

o H2O: In our Solar System, only on planet earth does water occur in significant quantities, covering 71% of the earth, mostly in the liquid phase.
o Water makes up the same proportion in our bodies by weight
o Pure Water is a pure chemical: colorless, odorless, tasteless
o But solvent dissolves many other chemicals, so is rarely pure (as driven snow)
o The salt water is the most common pollutant for pure water:

• 97.22 % of all water is salty
• 2.78% is fresh
• Ice = 77%
• Lakes = 1 %
• Groundwater = 26%

o Cold air moves faster than warm air —–pg. 275-2
o WATER, WEATHER, CLIMATE SYSTEMS
o Climate- long term weather patterns
o Climatology- analysis of weather patterns
o Regions:

• Mediterranean region-dry season/wet season

o Coast-high humidity, fog
o Hills-low humidity, adventive
o Climatologist
o Bio regions: biomes—-forests, grasslands, deserts, tundra—ecosystems
o Principal elements of climates:

• Insulation
• Temperature
• Air mass
• Pressure-air-subtropical air pressure zones
• Precipitation

o Can someone tell me some elements of climate?
o Temperature and Precipitation:

• Reveals general climatic types
• Torrid zone, frigid zone, temperate zone